John Stuart Mill Essays (1435 words) - Utilitarianism,

John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill 1806-1873 John had a teleological view of ethics. He is also known as the 1st advocate for women. Lived during the time of the Industrial Revolution. Born to a rich man, he was the youngest, Mr. Mill retired after having John and deticated his life to making John a genius. Mr. Mill home educated John all his life in hopes to create a genius. Not once in Johns life at home was he able to leave the compound of his fathers home. John had to educate his older brothers and sisters. At the age of 14 Johns standard or intellect was very high. At 14 he was given the summer off and went to Paris with his cousins. By the age of 15 Mr. Mill was inviting leading scholars in mathematics, literature, science?and want John to prove to them that he knew more in that subject than they did. The amazing thing is that he know more about those subject than the scholars. At 21 he was a genius but had a breakdown. He was sent to a rest home where no drugs where administered. It was merely a place for him to rest and relax. He was a very left brained person with all the factual knowledge he had and this place allowed him to explore the right side?.poems, literature?Mr. Mills disowned John because he want a genius and geniuses don't go crazy. When John gets out he is perfectly fine, still and genius and sane at the same time. When John gets out he gets a job with the East India Company. With all the knowledge John had he never taught. He worked all his life and did philosophy for fun on the side. John was never mad at his father for what he did to him, instead he was mad at his mother for allowing Mr. Mill mistreat John. Strangely enough John becomes the first advocate for women. By 23 or 24 John meets a woman by the name of Harriet Taylor. She is known as the wild woman of Europe and also a radical. Harriet was married to a rich man whom she had total control over. Harriet was known to frequent the men's clubs alone where she would drink and smoke. When she meets John she falls in love and for about 20 years they would see each other while she was still married. When her husband died they were together but she died soon after. Many believe she is the influence to his woman's advocacy. John was a great writer and wrote 3 books. The first, On Liberty, was an absolute defense for liberty. He cared greatly about independence and wrote about it brilliantly. The second, The Subject of Women, is known as a man wrote the best book written about women. One extreme point about this book was that he thought if women are going to have children they need to stay at home until the children are able to care for themselves. Mills basic opinion was to have the women go out and do something, get a job. Not many women accepted this from John, many were not ready to hear such things. John said all this time we have spent is wasted because we have not acknowledged have of the human race for so long. That is half of the creativity we have missed out on. Many say Harriet wrote the book, she didn't, but she definitely had an influence. Back then women had no rights and were not able to own land. If a woman's husband died and she was left with his money, she would have a year to remarry o r her money will be given to the state and she would be left with nothing. Things like this are what John tried to change. The third book, Utilitarianism, is his opinion on ethics. John Mill got opinion of utilitarianism from his godfather Jeremy Bentham. Jeremy was an investor and was good in accounting and mathematics. He was not a religious man and believed that all people do in their lives is seek pleasure. You seek for what you want and don't do what you don't want

How to avoid the biggest mistake in business writing

How to avoid the biggest mistake in business writing How to avoid the biggest mistake in business writing Mention writing skills to most people and they will roll their eyes before launching into a confession about how spelling/grammar/punctuation/all three have always been their weakest link. Yet, when they do, they’re missing the point. These things matter, for sure. An email full of typos or a poorly punctuated proposal will almost certainly undermine your credibility and potentially leave the people who read it confused. But there are other mistakes that can do far more harm. Chief among these is failing to focus on what your reader needs and wants. Where it all goes wrong The trouble is that too many documents and messages focus on the needs of the writer rather than the reader. This is a big mistake, although it is understandable. After all, when were writing, our primary focus is to get the job done. Think about it for a few seconds. Imagine it’s Monday morning and you’re faced with a to-do list as long as the Great Wall of China. Right at the top is a board report that you’ve been putting off for the last three weeks and it’s due in by 5pm today. Is your primary focus to (a) carefully consider the members of the board and their individual priorities or (b) get the damn thing written so you can cross it off your list and relax again? Congratulations if you picked (a). Treat yourself to a cup of tea or latte from that artisan coffee shop around the corner. You’re on your way to being a business-writing superstar and don’t need to read any further. Probably. (Maybe read on just in case.) If you picked answer (b), congratulations too – for your honesty and for being a normal human being. You vs. the deadline This is because focusing on your own priorities first is a perfectly normal survival mechanism, developed through millions of years of evolution. Our Stone Age brains find it hard to differentiate between a looming deadline and a predator outside the cave that wants to eat us for lunch. Our first instinct is therefore to run away from it (which is why you didn’t write the report three weeks ago). And, when you can no longer run away from it (remember, youve now only got until 5pm, and you’re in a cave), your natural priority will always be just to get rid of the threat. So you muster all your courage and run directly at it, focused solely on your needs (avoiding the disapproval of the boss – although admittedly thats still marginally preferable to a grisly, violent death). Unfortunately, this rarely produces the best results, at least where deadlines are concerned. (If there’s a real predator outside the cave, you’d best go deal with that and come back to this blog post later.) Maybe you finally fire up a board-report template and fill in the blanks under the standard headings. Success soon becomes a word count that rises in fits and starts. And you’re done when you’ve filled enough pages, changed the date on the default title and emailed it to the chief executive’s EA. It won’t be your best work. But don’t worry: it also won’t be in any danger of changing the status quo or standing out from the other 17 board reports that were written in similar circumstances. It will just be another one on the pile. When business writing goes bad Board members are used to struggling through sub-optimal documents that look just like all the rest. Yours will be no different. Unfortunately, it’s also unlikely to mark you out as someone who’s above average and therefore wont advance your career either. To produce something that will do both these things, you need to step into the reader’s shoes. Yet most people don’t, because they’re naturally focused on their own priorities (which is why all those reports look the same). In fact, failure to step into the reader’s shoes is not just normal but usually the chief culprit when business writing goes bad. Nor are we just talking about board reports here. It also produces customer letters or emails that alienate the customer. And it’s why so many live chat helpdesk responses end up being no help at all. Remember that instant-chat conversation with your home broadband provider that took 20 minutes to tell you what you stated in your original question? The person who did so was probably distracted by answer targets and a big, red LED display in the centre of the office showing how many customers they still needed to respond to. This failure to connect with the readers perspective is also why so many proposals to win new business start with page upon page about how great the supplier is. Believe me, the client will only care about this if she thinks you can solve her problem. So focus on her problem first, then on your solution. (Do those things well and shell reach her own conclusion about your suitability. Then its just a case of confirming that view and reassuring her by describing your experience and perhaps giving a few client testimonials.) It can also lead us to give the wrong impression in even the simplest communications. For example, a notice from a store about opening hours that just says, ‘We are closed on Wednesdays’ is stressing the negative and essentially telling customers what the store can’t do for them (ie serve them on a Wednesday). It’s also missing an opportunity to say that they’re open six days a week – including at weekends. Beat your brains default wiring But, as I say, it’s still what most of us do, because it’s how we’re wired. And, given this natural bias towards ourselves, it can take an almost superhuman level of willpower to switch your focus to the person you’re writing for or to. So what can you do? One of the best ways I know is to start by writing down what you already know about your intended reader, including what they need and want most from the exchange, as well as what they know already. In a short communication (such as an email or helpdesk response), this may well be enough to shift your mindset from its default setting. Longer documents need a bit more effort. This is partly because they’re more complex and therefore contain far more traps that can lure you back to the writer-centred mindset. And partly it’s because we tend to put off writing them, so we’re more likely to be under a lot of pressure to finish by the time we do. (In other words, we’re focused again on our needs rather than the reader’s.) The five-step solution So you need to do something to snap yourself out of this mindset. Here’s how: 1. First, download our reader-profile questionnaire here (PDF) and print it out. 2. Then complete it (with a pen, not just in your head). This will start the process of reorientation. 3. From there, plan your document, using your preferred method. (I like mind maps, as they help me to see connections that might not otherwise be obvious.) But – and this is critical – continually refer back to your completed questionnaire so that you avoid defaulting to your needs. As you plan, put a question mark alongside anything you still need to check or find out. 4. Find the answers to any of the questions in 3. This is also crucial, as you need to do most of your thinking and address any uncertainties before you start writing. 5. Then, and only then, write your document. (I’ve explained how to do this quickly here.) Note that steps 1–4 should take most of the pain out of 5. So don’t think of them as wasting time. They’ll actually save you time in the long run. You should now have a document that is much more focused on the person you’re writing for and their needs, rather than on you and yours. That person may even thank you for it. But even if they don’t, you can take comfort from the knowledge that your document now stands a very good chance of being better than the others they’re reading, which can only be a good thing. Now youve definitely earned that latte. Just make sure you still check your document for typos and spelling mistakes. Image credit: Mircea Costina / Shutterstock

DRIVING THE ORGANISATION - ORGANISATIONAL DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Assignment - 1

DRIVING THE ORGANISATION - ORGANISATIONAL DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT - Assignment Example The point of debate is that whether the organizational strategy is purposely changed to adapt to the external environment or the strategy is automatically determined due to external forces, as noted by Hannan and Freeman (1977). Wieck, (1979) agrees with this stance and argues that developing mutually exclusive theories; relying one single causation, focusing on the origins and elimination of elements such as â€Å"choice† are problematic. This theory can be put to test in Sony’s case - we see that Sony’s strategic direction was determined by external and internal factors, and as a result, the external and internal environment was influenced by its direction. Some strategic choices were made due to adaptation, while the others were determined by external forces- both these forces conglomerated to create Sony’s’ strategic direction. This can be better portrayed using a Venn Diagram Given Sony’s position in the market, it can be said that it had a number of strategic choices; although most of these choices were somewhat influenced by the external environment and company decisions, but due to its size and complexity, it was able to achieve its desired outcome with the availability of multiple choices. According to the work of Porter (1980), such Companies are able to follow â€Å"differentiation and focus strategies, choose market niches or segments within the constraints laid down by the environment or alternatively pursue different strategies despite external forces†, as stated by Berle and Means (1932). Upon using Porter’s (1983) analysis of the external environment on Sony, we can understand how the external environment shaped the Sony’s strategic direction and how Sony’s decision in turn shaped the external environment. The five elements of Porter’s design include: Threat of New Entrants: For Sony, this was a major external force that based their strategic direction, and this is evident

Benjamin Franklin's Speech on the Constitution Essay

Benjamin Franklin's Speech on the Constitution - Essay Example The speech, more than a politician’s oratorical musing (he did not even delivered it, he was too frail to personally deliver the speech) served several purpose during the Constitutional Convention.†First, the delegates' signatin-es would function as a marketing device, highlighting important pro-Constitution selling points to the people who would ultimately determine its fate. Second, the signatures would function as a constraining device, preventing the Constitution's signatories —all of whom carried considerable local influence —from publicly opposing the document once the ratification battles began† (Coenen 971) . Obviously, the speech served its purpose because we are now a constitutional government. Without that speech, United States may not be the America that we know today. It may have been still fragmented and undemocratic. It must be understood that along with the speech, was Benjamin Franklin’s statemanship that brought the benefit of pragmatic compromise for America to unite. Franklin as can be reflected in his 1787 speech after the Constitutional Convention, was a great power broker because he made the representative’s to sign the proposed constitution. Corollary to the speech is its democratic implication. During the representation of individuals to the Constitutional Convention , representation was made not on the basis of landownership nor a prerequisite for the right to vote because Franklin was vehemently against it. He also sought for a simple government and government that is guarded from despotism by limiting the power of a president and recommended corrective measures such as impeachment to remove an erring president. Perhaps the byproducts of Benjamin Franklin efforts to have the Constitution signed by the representatives, from his speech, to the mode of representation, voting and governance set the backbone of American democracy. Benjamin Franklin made this possible because he saw the task of creating a government to be not an impossible endeavor. He believed that creating American government only required that people so what was â€Å"useful and right for themselves, and they could easily do that without interfering with what useful and right for others â€Å"(Morgan 148). Thus, with only few days of lobbying for the passage of the Constitution, had the lasting effect that influenced American government and way of life for the next 250 years. Imagine what America would be without the speech and efforts of Franklin. Considering Franklin’s contribution not only in framing the Constitution but also in lobbying to have it passed, we may be inclined to believe that Benajmin Franklin was a revolutionary and wanted a revolutionary government. His idea might be, in a way revolutionary during his time but Benjamin Franklin was never considered as a radical as a politician. He can be classified rather as a moderate and even a conservative by today’s standard. Smi th elaborated that â€Å"Benjamin Franklin should not, however, be classed with the revolutionary radicals who saw government as only a necessary evil that a society should minimze as much as possible. . . it would be accurate to say that government: government with strictly curtailed ends, powers fully adequate to meet those ends, and lines of responsibilities of maximum directness and clarity† (128). Examining the speech closely, we could also infer that later politicians cribbed some of Franklin’s idea. This only manifests that Benjamin Frankli

Problem Identifier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problem Identifier - Essay Example The quality of care availed to clients seeking medical attention and care in this institution is of utmost importance. The hospital staff ensures ethical considerations in evaluating, examining, and in making health care related resolutions geared towards the improvement of services. As it is common knowledge, being admitted in a hospital is no joke and is therefore hard and complicated to both the patient and family members. In consideration of these factors, observing and respecting the needs and requirements of the patients is important (Rosner, 2007). This paper describes ethical issues as a challenge to the Mount Sinai administration. Rosner (2007) further asserts that before any treatment commences, it is important for a health care practitioners administering care to ensure that all personal and medical information associated and as well provided by the patient is treated with utmost confidentiality. Certain well established health institutions such as Mount Sinai further acts as training institutions for students aspiring to become doctors as well as other practitioners. These institutions are also target by international bodies involved in conducting health related research. In such case, it is very difficult to main confidentiality of patients’ information. This is one of the challenges that I faced by the administration in Mount Sinai Hospital. ... There is certain information regarding a patient that can bring negative consequences. For instance, individuals suffering from HIV/AIDS are sometimes stigmatized. Making public the HIV status of an individual can therefore lead to stigmatization. Maintaining confidentiality of patients’ records is regarded beneficial as it avails or presents clients with safe and comfortable surrounding that encourages them to seek for medical attention. It is very difficult for people to seek medical attention in a particular health institution if they are aware of the fact that their personal medical information will fall into the hands of the public. An individual is also likely to open up completely to a physician if s/he is sure that his/her medical information will be treated with utmost confidentiality (Title, 2000). It is also important to posit that confidentiality boosts the confidence of individuals seeking treatment and it is also a means of articulating value, admiration, and hig h opinions towards patients. Extent and impact Researchers have always inquired for patient’s information for methodical investigations every other day in this health institution. Students are always involved in the treatment and decision making processes of patients’ care because it is the only way they can learn and gain medical experience. There are few cases where these learners and researchers have been involved in diverging private information regarding the patients either intentionally or unintentionally. Breach of confidentiality has its disadvantages or impacts. Physicians and other medical practitioners found guilty of breaching confidentiality in a court of law are punished and their medical license can be

Reflection on Patient with Acute Asthma Management

Reflection on Patient with Acute Asthma Management Acute asthma, for a human body is really harmful. Being from a medical background, I understand the seriousness of the issue and regarding the same I want to add on to my strengths learning better to handle any unwanted situation like that overcoming my weaknesses. Here, I will discuss all the related important things in understanding the asthma problem and handling a patient quoting an example. Describe the event or area of learning / knowledge that you identified as part of your clinical scenario Example: A 45 year old female patient with asthma is to be transferred to FMC. She was initially admitted to a local regional hospital at room no. 0139 with severe asthma issue. As a first step to handle the situation she was being settled with salbutamol and amiophylline. She was then reviewed in the morning time and was suspected with chest infection and congestion. The team of the doctors discussed the issue internally and finally decided to transfer the patient to FMC for further review. Now what are the challenges and scope of learning areas I found in the case are listed below but for that I want to start from the introduction:- Acute asthma management is based on some primary steps that include assessing the severity of the patient whether it is mild, moderate, and severe or life threatening. All these will be observed during the startup of the bronchodilator treatment immediately after the patient is being admitted. Next comes the administering oxygen therapy. This is will be observed or implemented if the case is too serious and the therapy is needed to be done. If it is required then there are some things need to keep in mind that saturated oxygen titration to the target or the patient is at 92–95% (adults) or at least 95% (children). After this is done as per the requirement, then comes the number of completing the observations and the assessments that will be solely based on clinical priorities determined by baseline severity. Asthma can be really hazardous for the patient in the longer run, they can cause chronic lung issues and respiratory problems and that is why proper observance and adminis tering is required. Further, keep a close check on systemic corticosteroids within the first hour of treatment is really necessary. Till the time acute asthma gets resolved, a regular and repeated reassessment response to the ongoing treatment is essential. If required the whole process should either be continued or something more should be added to the previous style of treatment. Also, this whole should be repeated in cycle till the patient is transferred or referred to some another hospital or ICU for further observance. Apart from all these, observing the patient for at least 1 hour a day is a must call. Systemic manifestations and comorbidities of COPD- European Respiratory Journal (2009) European Respiratory Journal http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/33/5/1165.full.pdf+html What were you thinking and feeling? Why did you identify the action or leaning as important to you? It was very shocking as well as sad incident for me as since my childhood I cannot see anybody in pain or in any kind of unwanted situation. To me serving mankind is the ultimate goal for my life. If by chance I could help out anybody during any bad or harmful situation through my efforts, I will be the happiest person on this earth and I mean it. And that is the reason why I chose this medical field at the first place despite of the initial oppose from my family on my decision to get into the medical field as they wanted me to be an architect. I believe that you get a chance to be born in the human race just for once, so how will it matter if I dont become the reason for someones happiness. Also, I took this situation really seriously as I wanted to deal with this kind of situation if it occurs further in my family or my neighborhood. If talking medically, at the first place as per my understanding and learning I thought of giving her salbutamol along with atrovent fused by a nebulizer as a first aid to the issue but then suddenly I planned to delay the same as I came to know that the patient has already taken her daily dose of salbutamol puffer. After having a look on her medical history, I gathered the information that the lady has some anxiety disorder and borderline disorder too. Why I am mentioning these issues here is because of the reason that just due to these disorders, a feeling of shortness of breath can be occurred and at that time I should not be or somebody else for that matter should not be panicked. Apart from these observations, her blood pressure level and heart rate were pretty normal and with these now a proper treatment plan can be taken. Also, for some further added information to the case history, while attending the patient I have observed that in the recent past she has been already admitt ed to ICU for 3 times and this should be noted down during the treatment plan. During those admissions, she complained of anxiety issues and also that she hates going to the city hospital because of their ICU referral problems. That means she totally hates being admitted in ICU as in ICU the treatment is really complex and hard to adapt. Heart Lung- The Journal of Acute and Critical Care (July–August 2012) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147956312000684 Evaluation Analysis I would like to list my actions in order of appropriateness. What I did well: The Primary survey, observing her social and recent medical history, collecting and placing all the facts related to her health in proper order for further planning, attaching the cardiac monitor with the patients body and then closely keep a check on the whether the assessment of heart rhythm respiratory was a thorough one or not What I could have done better: I should have given her salbutamol and atrovent nebulizer in the beginning itself, making her feel relax and comfortable by giving her instructions for proper postures, I should have also given more detailed info in handover ISBAR, the call for the second crew support was a big mistake as I could have called the local staff of the hospital itself. I will definitely make a note of these mistakes and will keep in mind for future references Also, I could have done a better research on asthmatic patients, the symptoms and the required medical approaches especially for the ones suffering from mental illnesses such as anxiety disorder. Delay in the treatment action plan and decision making was one thing needed to be checked. Apart from these mistakes, one major thing I have learnt is expiratory wheezing can indicate asthma, so I will definitely keep that in mind I take all challenges and the situations coming in my path of learning as a positive one, nothing in this world is negative so the positive thing happened with me is that I was finally able to communicate with both partner and patient really well and I am happy about my competence. Opting and deciding the correct clinical approach is another reason for my happiness on my list. Clinical and economic burden of patients diagnosed with COPD with comorbid cardiovascular disease- Respiratory Medicine (October 2011) http://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(11)00133-8/abstract?cc=y= What was difficult about the scenario and why? As a learner or beginner you can say, I think I have a followed a good approach to the whole situation because from the time she was admitted in the hospital, she is feeling much better now. I believe I have applied full and true approaches from my medical learning and understanding in managing the whole situation and for my leadership I would like to add that considering a beginning it was quite good. I have assessed the vital symptoms and signs of the patient and also have completely referred and observed her past medical history. Not only that during the first step of the treatment, I have linked my approach and planned the treatment as per the history. If I talk about the difficulties and the barriers that I faced during the situation, then I would like to mention this that English is not my first language and during the treatment procedure I find it really hard to convey my intentions to the patient. Also, I was not able to understand her problems so I need really hard to work on that. Apart from that I believe that learning is a 24X7 process and I will definitely focus on polishing my skills further. References Estimating prevalence of common chronic morbidities in Australia-The Medical Journal of Australia (2008) Estimating prevalence of common chronic morbidities in Australia-The Medical Journal of Australia [Online] Available: https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2008/189/2/estimating-prevalence-common-chronic-morbidities-australia?0=ip_login_no_cache%3Dac017679306e921f901be42b8204e158 [Accessed 3 June 2015] Clinical and economic burden of patients diagnosed with COPD with comorbid cardiovascular disease- Respiratory Medicine [Online] Available: http://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(11)00133-8/abstract?cc=y= [Accessed 3 June 2015] Heart Lung- The Journal of Acute and Critical Care [Online] Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147956312000684 [Accessed 3 June 2015] Systemic manifestations and comorbidities of COPD- European Respiratory Journal [Online] Available: European Respiratory Journal http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/33/5/1165.full.pdf+html [Accessed 3 June 2015]

The Origins of Akhenaten Essays -- essays research papers

The Origins of Akhenaten There is much that is known about Akhenaten the heretic pharaoh. More lies in speculation. Since his time, the Amarna period is one the ancient Egyptians themselves wished to forget much about Akhenaten remains unknown. What we do know is often confusing, different hypothesis piled upon each other make it difficult to distinguish what is fact and what speculation. We do know that Akhenaten, or Amenhotep IV, was the second son of Amenhotep III, an 18th Dynasty pharaoh and his Queen Tiye. Although we know he had an older brother Thutmose and several sisters, he was never shown in family portraits or records, the only documented proof we have linking him to Amenhotep III is a wine seal with his name and the inscription â€Å"estate of the true king’s son Amenhotep† . One of the theories why Akhenaten was never shown with his family is that he suffered from some sort of disease such as Froehlich syndrome (tumor of the pituitary gland) or Marfan syndrome. His elder brother the original heir to the throne died early and this could support the theory that there was a genetic defect running in the family. If this was the case however, why would the royal family hide Akhenaten from public view, if both sons suffered from the same disease? Both Froehlich syndrome and Marfan’s syndrome correspond with some of the physical characteristics Akhenaten is portrayed as having , the full lips, elongated ear lobes, long arms and fingers, misshapen head, high cheekbones, slanted eyes, paunch belly, breasts and full hips and thighs. The first to offer the hypothesis that Akhenaten suffered from Froehlich syndrome was Dr. G. E. Smith, however, some facts do not fit this hypothesis. Victims of Froehlich syndrome are usually attributed with endocrinal mutation resulting in impotency. This seems unlikely, even though Akhenaten is in some images portrayed without his sexual organs, we know he fathered six daughters and possibly a son Tutankhamen. It can be argued both that Akhenaten really looked like this or that his portrayal is simply a result of the changing art forms during the Amarna period. The evidence on hand could point either way, for example Egyptologists have argued that the fact that Akhenaten is sometimes portrayed as more or less normal looking points to his other portraits as being the result of the changing art form. The counter argument is o... ... The old gods were reinstated and Akhenaten’s son and daughter changed their names to Tutankhamen and Ankhesenamen. Under their reign, and the reign of the pharaohs Aye and Horumheb who followed them, all memories of the Amarna period were eradicated. Akhenaten, Tutankhamen and Aye were purged from the list of kings and Akhetaten was razed to the ground. It is believe that the mummy of Akhenaten was destroyed; it is certainly true that there is great difficulty concerning the burial places of Akhenaten, Tiye, Nefertiti and many other people of the Amarna period. The one thing that is clear is that the reign of Akhenaten was highly unpopular with someone in power, all though it was almost a tradition for pharaohs to cut each others names from their statues and claim them for there own, there was a deliberate attempt to pretend that the Amarna period never happened. Akhenaten The Heretic King, Donald B Redford, Princeton University Press, 1984 Moses and Monotheism, Sigmund Freud, New York, Alfred A Knopf, 1947 The Life and Times of Akhenaton, Arthur Weigall, New York G P Putnam’s Sons, 1923 Akhenaten Egypt’s false Prophet, Nicholas Reeves, Thames and Hudson, 2001 The Origins of Akhenaten Essays -- essays research papers The Origins of Akhenaten There is much that is known about Akhenaten the heretic pharaoh. More lies in speculation. Since his time, the Amarna period is one the ancient Egyptians themselves wished to forget much about Akhenaten remains unknown. What we do know is often confusing, different hypothesis piled upon each other make it difficult to distinguish what is fact and what speculation. We do know that Akhenaten, or Amenhotep IV, was the second son of Amenhotep III, an 18th Dynasty pharaoh and his Queen Tiye. Although we know he had an older brother Thutmose and several sisters, he was never shown in family portraits or records, the only documented proof we have linking him to Amenhotep III is a wine seal with his name and the inscription â€Å"estate of the true king’s son Amenhotep† . One of the theories why Akhenaten was never shown with his family is that he suffered from some sort of disease such as Froehlich syndrome (tumor of the pituitary gland) or Marfan syndrome. His elder brother the original heir to the throne died early and this could support the theory that there was a genetic defect running in the family. If this was the case however, why would the royal family hide Akhenaten from public view, if both sons suffered from the same disease? Both Froehlich syndrome and Marfan’s syndrome correspond with some of the physical characteristics Akhenaten is portrayed as having , the full lips, elongated ear lobes, long arms and fingers, misshapen head, high cheekbones, slanted eyes, paunch belly, breasts and full hips and thighs. The first to offer the hypothesis that Akhenaten suffered from Froehlich syndrome was Dr. G. E. Smith, however, some facts do not fit this hypothesis. Victims of Froehlich syndrome are usually attributed with endocrinal mutation resulting in impotency. This seems unlikely, even though Akhenaten is in some images portrayed without his sexual organs, we know he fathered six daughters and possibly a son Tutankhamen. It can be argued both that Akhenaten really looked like this or that his portrayal is simply a result of the changing art forms during the Amarna period. The evidence on hand could point either way, for example Egyptologists have argued that the fact that Akhenaten is sometimes portrayed as more or less normal looking points to his other portraits as being the result of the changing art form. The counter argument is o... ... The old gods were reinstated and Akhenaten’s son and daughter changed their names to Tutankhamen and Ankhesenamen. Under their reign, and the reign of the pharaohs Aye and Horumheb who followed them, all memories of the Amarna period were eradicated. Akhenaten, Tutankhamen and Aye were purged from the list of kings and Akhetaten was razed to the ground. It is believe that the mummy of Akhenaten was destroyed; it is certainly true that there is great difficulty concerning the burial places of Akhenaten, Tiye, Nefertiti and many other people of the Amarna period. The one thing that is clear is that the reign of Akhenaten was highly unpopular with someone in power, all though it was almost a tradition for pharaohs to cut each others names from their statues and claim them for there own, there was a deliberate attempt to pretend that the Amarna period never happened. Akhenaten The Heretic King, Donald B Redford, Princeton University Press, 1984 Moses and Monotheism, Sigmund Freud, New York, Alfred A Knopf, 1947 The Life and Times of Akhenaton, Arthur Weigall, New York G P Putnam’s Sons, 1923 Akhenaten Egypt’s false Prophet, Nicholas Reeves, Thames and Hudson, 2001